Brief Timeline Overview

1879
Born to Hermann Einstein (a featherbed salesman) and his wife Pauline in Ulm, Germany.
1884
Receives his first compass around this time, inspiring a lifelong quest to investigate mysteries of the natural world.
1889
Settles into a program of self-education at age 10 and begins reading as much about science as he can.
1894
Stays on in Munich to finish the school year after his parents move to Pavia, Italy. Lasts only one term on his own and then follows his family to Italy.
1895
Attempts to skip high school by taking an entrance exam to the Swiss Polytechnic, a top technical university, but fails the arts portion. His family sends him to the Swiss town of Aarau to finish high school.
1896
Graduates from high school at age 17 and enrolls at the ETH (the Federal Polytechnic School) in Zurich.
1898
Falls in love with Mileva Maric, a Serbian classmate at the ETH.
1900
Graduates from the ETH.
1901
Becomes a Swiss citizen and, unemployed, searches for work. Meets Maric in northern Italy for a tryst, and she becomes pregnant. In the fall, he finds work in Schaffhausen, Switzerland as a tutor. Maric, visibly pregnant, moves to Stein am Rhein, three miles upriver. She then returns to her parents' home to give birth to her child. Einstein moves to Bern.
1902
In January, Maric gives birth to their daughter, Lieserl, whom they eventually put up for adoption. Lieserl reportedly becomes ill, and then all record of her disappears. Einstein takes a job at the Swiss Patent Office. Hermann Einstein becomes ill and dies.
1903
Marries Maric in January.
1904
Maric gives birth to their first son, Hans Albert.
1905
Publishes, at age 26, five groundbreaking papers, making this his "annus mirabilis," or miracle year. One of the papers introduces his special theory of relativity and another the equation E = mc2.
1906
Continues working as an examiner at the Swiss Patent Office in Bern.
1907
Begins applying the laws of gravity to his special theory of relativity.
1910
Son Eduard is born.
1911
Moves with his family to Prague, where he is given a full professorship at the German University there. Attends the invitation-only Solvay Conference in Brussels, the first world physics conference; he is the youngest physicist there.
1912
Moves with his family to Zurich, where he becomes a professor of theoretical physics at the ETH.
1913
Works on his new theory of gravity.
1914
Becomes director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute in Berlin and professor of theoretical physics at the University of Berlin. Maric and the children move there in April, but they return to Zurich after three months. Divorce proceedings begin. In August, World War I begins.
1915
Completes the general theory of relativity.
1917
Collapses from exhaustion and falls seriously ill. Nursed back to health by his cousin Elsa Löwenthal. Publishes his first paper on cosmology.
1919
Marries Löwenthal. On May 29, a solar eclipse provides proof of the general theory of relativity.
1922
Awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for 1921.
1927
Attends fifth Solvay Conference and begins developing the foundation of quantum mechanics with Niels Bohr.
1928
Begins pursuing his idea of a unified field theory.
1932
As a Jew, begins to feel the heat of Nazi Germany. Now, at 53, at the height of his fame.
1933
Sets sail with Löwenthal for the United States. Settles with her in Princeton, New Jersey, where he assumes a post at the Institute for Advanced Study.
1936
Löwenthal dies after a brief illness.
1939
Writes a famous letter to President Franklin Roosevelt not long after the start of World War II that warns of the possibility of Germany's building an atomic bomb and urges nuclear research.
1940
Becomes an American citizen (retains his Swiss citizenship).
1949
Ex-wife Maric dies.
1955
Dies on April 18. 

Web Resources: Video

BIOGRAPHY (Biography Channel): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ashQciD8Gy8
1905: EINSTEIN’S MIRACLE YEAR (TEDEd): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=91XI7M9l3no
FIVE GREAT DISCOVERIES (Unexplained Mysteries): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5WYD34puNBY
SHORT OVERVIEW (Biographics):  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VnVVuLIoSWI
SHORT OVERVIEW OF EDUARD EINSTEIN: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8zbWRXWu-a0
LIESERL EINSTEIN: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XynpWIRWChw
GENERAL RELATIVITY (Arvin Ash): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tzQC3uYL67U
TIME DILATION (ScienceABC): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yuD34tEpRFw
GENERAL RELATIVITY (BBC):  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B6kreUskcpo
GENERAL RELATIVITY: (Science TV): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=30KfPtHec4s
IS TIME AN ILLUSION (Science Time): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NhpEg0mUug0
CONFIRMING THE THEORY OF RELATIVITY (NatGeo): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6B3P7o8QMz8&t=12s
 SPECIAL RELATIVITY (Insane Curiosity):  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rb9Dp9Bbn1A
TIME DILATION (SCIENCE TV): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G-R8LGy-OVs

Top Twelve Contributions

Derived from: NASA, LABROOTS, LIVE SCIENCE, SCIENCE NEWS, MEDIUM

NOTE: In 1905, Einstein published four papers.  They have been nicknamed The Annus Mirabilis Papers.  These articles--pertaining to the photoelectric effect (which gave rise to quantum theory), Brownian motion, the special theory of relativity, and E = mc2--were published in the scientific journal Annalen der Physik. These four works contributed substantially to the foundation of modern physics and changed views on space, time, and matter.  

1. Special Relativity (1905): This theory established that the speed of light is constant for all observers and that time is not absolute, leading to the famous equation E=mc² and the concept of a universal speed limit. 2. Photoelectric Effect (1905): Einstein explained how light can behave as particles (photons) and that light energy can knock electrons out of a metal surface. This work earned him the Nobel Prize and is fundamental to the development of solar panels and photocopiers. 3. Brownian Motion (1905): His explanation for the random movement of particles suspended in a fluid provided crucial evidence for the existence of atoms and molecules. 4. Wave-Particle Duality (1905): Related to the photoelectric effect, this concept shows that light can act as both a wave and a particle. 5. General Relativity (1915): This theory unified space and time into a single entity, spacetime. It describes gravity as a curvature of spacetime caused by mass and energy, a concept demonstrated by phenomena like gravitational lensing. 6. Bose-Einstein Condensate (1924-1925): Along with Satyendra Nath Bose, Einstein proposed a state of matter where atoms, cooled to near absolute zero, act as a single quantum entity. 7. Gravitational Waves: The theory of General Relativity predicted the existence of these ripples in spacetime. Their detection has confirmed this prediction and allows scientists to study events like merging black holes. 8. Black Holes: General Relativity predicted that massive objects could warp spacetime so severely that not even light could escape, a concept confirmed by the first direct image of a black hole in 2019. 9. Gravitational Lensing: This effect, where the gravity of massive objects bends light from more distant sources, was a prediction of General Relativity. 10. Cosmological Constant (1917): Einstein introduced this concept, initially to create a static universe, though he later called it his "biggest blunder" when the universe was found to be expanding. He wanted the universe to be eternal and unchanging, but this type of universe is not consistent with relativity. To fix this, Einstein modified the general theory by introducing a new notion, the cosmological constant. With a positive cosmological constant, the universe could be an eternal static sphere. It has since been revived as a possible explanation for dark energy.11. Wormholes: Einstein collaborated with others to produce a model of a wormhole.  A wormhole is a hypothetical feature of spacetime that would be, fundamentally, a "shortcut" through spacetime. A wormhole is, in theory, much like a tunnel with two ends each in separate points in space-time.  Einstein also hypothesized that if one end of a wormhole was positively charged, the other end would be negatively charged12. Einstein refrigerator: In 1926, Einstein and his former student Leó Szilárd co-invented (and in 1930, patented) the Einstein refrigerator. This absorption refrigerator was then revolutionary for having no moving parts and using only heat as an input. On 11 November 1930, U.S. Patent 1,781,541 was awarded to Albert Einstein and Leó Szilárd for the refrigerator. Their invention was not immediately put into commercial production, as the most promising of their patents were quickly bought up by the Swedish company Electrolux to protect its refrigeration technology from competition.

Einstein's Wives

Mileva Marić

(c) Wikipedia and Britannica

	On December 19, 1875, Mileva Marić was born into a wealthy family in Titel in the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy (today Serbia) as the eldest of three children of Miloš Marić (1846–1922) and Marija Ružić - Marić (1847–1935). Shortly after her birth, her father ended his military career and took a job at the court in Ruma and later in Zagreb. She began her secondary education in 1886 at a high school for girls in Novi Sad, but changed the following year to a high school in Sremska Mitrovica. Beginning in 1890, she attended The Royal Serbian Grammar School in Šabac. In 1891 her father obtained special permission to enroll Marić as a private student at the all male Royal Classical High School in Zagreb. She passed the entrance exam and entered the tenth grade in 1892. She won special permission to attend physics lectures in February 1894 and passed the final exams in September 1894. Her grades in mathematics and physics were the highest awarded. That year she fell seriously ill and decided to move to Switzerland, where on the 14th November she started at the "Girls High School" in Zurich. In 1896, Marić passed her Matura-Exam, and started studying medicine at the University of Zurich for one semester. In the autumn of 1896, Marić switched to the Zurich Polytechnic (later Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH)), having passed the mathematics entrance examination with an average grade of 4.25 (scale 1-6). She enrolled for the diploma course to teach physics and mathematics in secondary schools (section VIA) at the same time as Albert Einstein. She was the only woman in her group of six students, and only the fifth woman to enter that section. She and Einstein became close friends quite soon.		In October Marić went to Heidelberg to study at Heidelberg University for the winter semester 1897/98, attending physics and mathematics lectures as an auditor. She rejoined the Zurich Polytechnic in April 1898, where her studies included the following courses: differential and integral calculus, descriptive and projective geometry, mechanics, theoretical physics, applied physics, experimental physics, and astronomy. Marić sat the intermediate diploma examinations in 1899, one year later than the other students in her group. Her grade average of 5.05 (scale 1-6) placed her fifth out of the six students taking the examinations that year. (Einstein had come top of the previous year's candidates with a grade average of 5.7. Marić's grade in physics was 5.5, the same as Einstein's.) In 1900 Marić failed the final teaching diploma examinations with a grade average of 4.00, having obtained only grade 2.5 in the mathematics component (theory of functions). Einstein passed the exam in fourth place with a grade average of 4.91. 	Marić's academic career was disrupted in 1901 when she became pregnant by Einstein. When three months pregnant, she re-sat the diploma examination, but failed for the second time without improving her grade. She also discontinued work on her diploma dissertation that she had hoped to develop into a Ph.D. thesis under the supervision of the physics professor Heinrich Weber. She went to Novi Sad, where her daughter, referred to as Lieserl, was born in 1902, probably in January. Her fate is unknown: she may have died in late summer 1903, or been given up for adoption.	In 1903 Marić and Einstein married in Bern, Switzerland, where Einstein had found a job at the Federal Office for Intellectual Property. In 1904 their first son Hans Albert was born. The Einsteins lived in Bern until 1909, when Einstein got a teaching position at the University of Zürich. In 1910 their second son Eduard was born. In 1911 they moved to Prague, where Einstein held a teaching position at the Charles University. A year later, they returned to Zurich, as Einstein had accepted a professorship at his alma mater. In July 1913 Max Planck and Walther Nernst asked Einstein to agree to come to Berlin, which he did, but which caused Marić distress. In August the Einsteins took a walking holiday with their son Hans Albert, Marie Curie and her two daughters, but Marić was delayed temporarily due to Eduard's illness. In September the Einsteins visited Marić's parents near Novi Sad, and on the day they were to leave for Vienna Marić had her sons baptised as Orthodox Christians. After Vienna Einstein visited relatives in Germany while Marić returned to Zurich. After Christmas she traveled to Berlin to stay with Fritz Haber who helped her look for accommodation for the Einsteins' impending move in April 1914. The Einsteins both left Zurich for Berlin in late March, on the way Einstein visited an uncle in Antwerp and then Ehrenfest and Lorentz in Leiden while Marić took a holiday with the children in Locarno, arriving in Berlin in mid-April. 	The marriage had been in difficulties since 1912, in the spring of which Einstein became reacquainted with his cousin Elsa Löwenthal (née Einstein), following which they began a regular correspondence. Marić, who had never wanted to go to Berlin, became increasingly unhappy in the city. Soon after settling in Berlin, Einstein insisted on harsh terms if she were to remain with him. In the summer of 1914, Marić took the boys back to Zurich, a move that was to become permanent. Einstein made a commitment, drawn up by a lawyer, to send her an annual maintenance of 5600 Reichsmarks in quarterly instalments, just under half of his salary. The couple divorced on February 14, 1919. They had negotiated a settlement whereby the Nobel Prize money that Einstein anticipated he would soon receive was to be placed in trust for their two boys, while Marić would be able to draw on the interest, but have no authority over the capital without Einstein's permission.  After Einstein married his second wife in June, he returned to Zurich to talk to Marić about the children's future, taking Hans Albert on Lake Constance and Eduard to Arosa for convalescence.	In 1922, Einstein received news that he had won the Nobel Prize in November and the money was transferred to Marić in 1923. The money was used to buy three houses in Zurich: Marić lived in one, a five story house at Huttenstrasse 62, the other two were investments. The family of Georg Busch, later to become Professor at the ETH, was one of her tenants. In the late 1930s the costs of Eduard's care—he had been diagnosed with schizophrenia and institutionalized at the University of Zurich psychiatric clinic "Burghölzli"—overwhelmed Marić and resulted in the forced sale of two of the houses. In 1939 Marić agreed to transfer ownership of the Huttenstrasse house to Einstein in order to prevent its loss as well, with Marić retaining power of attorney. Einstein also made regular cash transfers to Marić for Eduard's and her own livelihood. 	Marić died at the age of 72 on August 4, 1948 in Zurich, and was buried at Nordheim-Cemetery. 	The question whether (and if so, to what extent) Marić contributed to Einstein's early work, and to the Annus Mirabilis Papers in particular, has been the subject of some debate. A consensus among professional historians of physics is that she made no significant scientific contribution. Some academics have argued that she was a supportive companion in science and may have helped him materially in his research. The case which has been presented for Marić as a co-author of some of Einstein's early work, putatively culminating in the 1905 papers, mostly depends on the following evidence:•	The testimony of the well-known Russian physicist Abram Joffe, who gave the name of the author of the three Annus Mirabilis Papers as Einstein-Marity, erroneously attributing the addition of the name Marity, Marić's official name, to a non-existing Swiss custom. However, in the paragraph in question, in which Joffe stated that Einstein's entrance into the arena of science in 1905 was "unforgettable", he described the author (singular) of the 1905 papers as "a bureaucrat at the Patent Office in Bern", i.e., Albert Einstein. •	An alleged comment from Mileva to a Serbian friend, which, referring to 1905, said "we finished some important work that will make my husband world famous,” although such reminiscences have been described as "hometown folklore." •	Letters in which Einstein referred to "our" theory and "our" work. John Stachel points out, that these letters were written in their student days, at least four years before the 1905 papers, and some of the instances in which Einstein used "our" in relation to scientific work refer to their diploma dissertations, for which they both chose the same topic (experimental studies of heat conduction), and that Einstein used "our" in rather general statements, while he invariably used "I" and "my" when he recounted specific ideas he was working on: "the letters to Marić show Einstein referring to his studies, his work on the electrodynamics of moving bodies over a dozen times... as compared to one reference to our work on the problem of relative motion." In two cases where there are surviving letters from Marić in direct reply to ones from Einstein in which he had recounted his latest ideas, she gives no response at all. Her letters, in contrast to Einstein's, contain only personal matters, or comments related to her Polytechnic coursework. Stachel writes: "In her case we have no published papers, no letters with a serious scientific content, either to Einstein nor to anyone else; nor any objective evidence of her supposed creative talents. We do not even have hearsay accounts of conversations she had with anyone else that have a specific, scientific content, let alone claiming to report her ideas." •	The divorce agreement in which Einstein promised her his Nobel Prize money. However, Einstein made this proposal to persuade a reluctant Marić to agree to divorce him, and under the terms of the agreement the money was to be held in trust for their two boys, while she was able to draw on the interest.[41] Based on newly released letters (sealed by Einstein's step granddaughter Margot Einstein until 20 years after her death), Walter Isaacson reported that Marić eventually invested the Nobel Prize money in three apartment buildings in Zurich.There are no strong arguments to support the idea that Marić helped Einstein to develop his theories. The couple's own son, Hans Albert, stated that on marrying Einstein, his mother gave up her scientific ambitions. Einstein remained an extremely fruitful scientist well into the 1920s, producing work of the greatest importance long after separating from Marić in 1914. She, on the other hand, never published anything, and Marić was never mentioned as having been involved with his work by the friends and colleagues of Einstein, who engaged in countless discussions of his ideas with him. And perhaps most notably, Marić herself never claimed that she had ever played any role in Einstein's scientific work, nor even hinted at any such role in personal letters to her closest friend Helene Savić.

Elsa Einstein

(c) Wikipedia and Britannica

         Elsa Einstein (January 18, 1876 – December 20, 1936) was a German cousin and the second wife of Albert Einstein. Elsa had the surname of Einstein at birth, lost it when she took the name of her first husband Max Löwenthal, and regained it in 1919 when she married her cousin Albert.	Elsa, the daughter of Rudolf Einstein, was born in Hechingen in January 1876. She had two sisters; Paula (c. 1878–c. 1955) and Hermine (1872–1942). Rudolf was a textile manufacturer in Hechingen. During the regular visits with the family in Munich, she often played with her cousin Albert. In her Swabian dialect, she called him "Albertle". The two parted ways in 1894, when Albert left Germany to follow his family to Milan.	In 1896, Elsa married textile trader Max Löwenthal (1864–1914), from Berlin, with whom she had three children: daughters Ilse and Margot and a son who was born and died in 1903. They lived together in Hechingen. In 1902, Max Löwenthal took a job in Berlin. His family stayed in Hechingen. She divorced Max on May 11, 1908, and moved with her two daughters to an apartment above her parents on Haberlandstrasse 5, in Berlin.[1]	She began a relationship with her cousin Albert Einstein at Easter 1912, while Albert was still married to his first wife, the physicist Mileva Marić. Einstein's divorce from Maric was final on February 14, 1919, and Elsa married him three and a half months later, on June 2, 1919. Einstein often had affairs; between the mid-1920s and his emigration to the United States in 1933, he had affairs with women named Margarete, Estella, and Ethel, and two women both named Toni. 	Elsa's and Albert's mothers were sisters, which made Elsa and Albert first cousins, and their fathers were first cousins. Ilse and Margot, Albert Einstein's first cousins once removed, had already changed their surname to Einstein and were now also his stepdaughters. 	With daughters Ilse and Margot, the Einsteins formed a close-knit family. Although Albert and Elsa did not have any children of their own, Albert raised Ilse and Margot as his own. They lived in the Berlin area, also having a summer house in Caputh in nearby Potsdam. 	Elsa spent most of her marriage with Albert acting as gatekeeper, protecting him from unwelcome visitors and charlatans. She also was the driving force building their summer house in 1929. 	In 1933, Albert and Elsa Einstein emigrated to Princeton, New Jersey, USA. In autumn 1935, they moved to a house at 112 Mercer Street, bought that August, but shortly afterwards Elsa developed a swollen eye and was diagnosed with heart and kidney problems. Elsa died after a painful illness on December 20, 1936, in the house on Mercer Street. 

Einstein’s Children

(c) Wikipedia, Britannica, New York Times Obituaries

Biological

1. Lieserl Einstein (born January, 1902 – last mentioned in 1903; date of death unknown) was the first child of Mileva Marić and Albert Einstein. According to the correspondence between her parents, "Lieserl" was born in January, 1902, a year before her parents married, in Novi Sad, Vojvodina, present day Serbia, and was cared for by her mother for a short time while Einstein worked in Switzerland before Marić joined him there without the child.
	"Lieserl's" existence was unknown to biographers until 1986, when a batch of letters between Albert and Mileva were discovered by Hans Albert Einstein's daughter Evelyn.
Marić had hoped for a girl, while Einstein would have preferred a boy. In their letters, they called the unborn child "Lieserl", when referring to a girl, or "Hanserl", if a boy. Both "Lieserl" and "Hanserl" were diminutives of the common German names Liese and Hans.
	The first reference to Marić's pregnancy was found in a letter Einstein wrote to her from Winterthur, probably on May 28, 1901 (letter 36), asking twice about "the boy" and "our little son", whereas Marić's first reference was found in her letter of November 13, 1901 (letter 43) from Stein am Rhein, in which she referred to the unborn child as "Lieserl". Einstein goes along with Marić's wish for a daughter, and referred to the unborn child as "Lieserl" as well, but with a sense of humour as in letter 45 of December 12, 1901 "... and be happy about our Lieserl, whom I secretly (so Dollie doesn't notice) prefer to imagine a Hanserl."
	The child must have been born shortly before February 4, 1902, when Einstein wrote: "... now you see that it really is a Lieserl, just as you'd wished. Is she healthy and does she cry properly? [...] I love her so much and don't even know her yet!"
	The last time "Lieserl" was mentioned in their extant correspondence was in Einstein's letter of September 19, 1903 (letter 54), in which he showed concern for her suffering from scarlet fever. His asking "as what is the child registered? [Adding] we must take precautions that problems don't arise for her later" may indicate the intention to give the child up for adoption.
	As neither the full name, nor the fate of the child are known, so far several theories about her life and death have been put forward:
•	Michele Zackheim, in her book on "Lieserl", Einstein's Daughter, states that "Lieserl" was mentally challenged at birth, and that she lived with her mother's family and probably died of scarlet fever in September 1903.
•	Another possibility, favored by Robert Schulmann of the Einstein Papers Project, is that "Lieserl" was adopted by Marić's close friend, Helene Savić, and was raised by her and lived under the name "Zorka Savić" until the 1990s. Savić did in fact raise a child by the name of Zorka, who was blind from childhood and died in the 1990s. Her grandson Milan Popović rejects the possibility that it was "Lieserl” and also favors the theory that the child died in September 1903.[20]

2. Hans Albert Einstein (May 14, 1904 – July 26, 1973) was a Swiss-American engineer and educator, and the second child and first son of Albert Einstein and Mileva Marić. He is best known for his research on sediment transport. Hans Albert Einstein's papers are held at the Water Resources Collections and Archives in the University of California, Riverside Libraries.
Hans Albert Einstein was born in Bern, Switzerland, where his father worked as a clerk in the patent office. His father was of German-Jewish descent and his mother Serbian. His younger brother, Eduard Einstein, was born in 1910 and died in 1965. The fate of his older sister, Lieserl Einstein, Albert Einstein's and Mileva Marić's first child, is unknown. Their parents divorced in 1919 after living apart for five years.
	In 1927 he married Frieda Knecht. Albert Einstein disapproved of Frieda much as his parents had of Mileva. Hans Albert and Frieda had five children — Bernhard Caesar (1930–2008) was a physicist, and engineer. Klaus Martin (1932–1938) died of diphtheria. Two subsequent boys died several days after their birth. They adopted a daughter, Evelyn (1941–2011), soon after her birth. Frieda died in 1958, and Hans Albert later married Elizabeth Roboz (1904–1995).
	Hans Albert followed his father's footsteps and studied at ETH, the Swiss Federal Institute of technology, in Zurich, Switzerland. In 1926 he was awarded the diploma in civil engineering. From 1926 to 1930 he worked as a steel designer on a bridge project in Dortmund. In 1936 Hans Albert obtained the doctor of technical science degree. His doctoral thesis "Bed Load Transport as a Probability Problem" is considered the definitive work on sediment transport.
	Hans Albert's father, Albert Einstein, left Germany in 1933 to escape the virulently antisemitic Nazi threat. Heeding his father's advice, Hans Albert emigrated from Switzerland to Greenville, South Carolina in 1938. He worked for the US Department of Agriculture, studying sediment transport from 1938 to 1943. He continued working for the USDA at the California Institute of Technology starting in 1943. In 1947 Hans Albert took a position as associate professor of hydraulic engineering at the University of California, Berkeley. He continued his career advancing to full professor, and later professor emeritus. As an authority in his field, Hans Albert traveled the world to participate in hydraulic engineering conferences. He was at a symposium at Woods Hole in Massachusetts when he collapsed and died from a sudden cardiovascular event.
	He was an avid sailor, frequently taking colleagues and family out for excursions on the San Francisco Bay. On his many field trips and academic excursions, he took thousands of pictures, many of which he developed himself and presented as slide shows. He also loved music and played flute and piano.
	In tribute to Einstein's lifelong contributions to the field, his former graduate students published a book of research in his honor in 1972, Sedimentation: Symposium to Honor Professor H.A. Einstein.
	The University of California also awarded him the title Professor of Hydraulic Engineering, Emeritus
	In 1988, the American Society of Civil Engineers created the Hans Albert Einstein Award to recognize outstanding achievements in erosion control, sedimentation and/or waterway development.

3. Eduard Einstein (28 July 1910 – 25 October 1965) was born in Zürich, Switzerland, the second son of physicist Albert Einstein and his first wife Mileva Marić. Einstein and his family moved to Berlin in 1914, but shortly thereafter Marić returned to Zürich, taking Eduard and his brother with her.
	Eduard was a good student and had musical talent. He started to study medicine to become a psychiatrist, but by the age of twenty he was afflicted with schizophrenia and institutionalized two years later for the first of several times. It is speculated that he was overdosed with drugs and harmed by the many "cures" that were used at the time. According to his brother Hans Albert Einstein, the thing that ruined him was the electric shock treatments.
	After his illness struck, Eduard told his father that he hated him. Einstein never saw his son again for the rest of his life.  Albert and Eduard, whom Albert fondly referred to as "Tete," corresponded previous to and after Eduard became ill, and continued after Albert Einstein's emigration to the United States.
	Eduard remained interested in music and art, wrote poetry, and was a Freud enthusiast - so much that he hung a picture of Freud on his bedroom wall.
	His mother cared for him until she died in 1948. From then on Eduard lived most of the time at the psychiatric clinic Burghölzli in Zurich, where he died of a stroke at age 55. He is buried at Hönggerberg-Cemetery in Zurich. His family lineage has been used to raise public awareness of schizophrenia.

Adopted

Ilse Lowenthal Einstein (1897–1934)   The most startling revelation found in the COLLECTED PAPERS OF EINSTEIN (published by Princeton U Press)  is that in the spring of 1918, Einstein considered breaking off his engagement to his cousin Elsa Einstein and marrying her 20-year-old daughter, Ilse, instead. In a strange letter, dated May 25, 1918, that Ilse Einstein sent to her close friend Georg Nicolai, a doctor, well-known antiwar crusader and Einstein family friend, she scrawled across the top in big letters: ''Please destroy this letter immediately after reading it.” At the time Einstein, who had moved to Berlin four years earlier to take a lucrative appointment to the Prussian Academy of Sciences and become director of the newly formed Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Physics, was 38 years old and in the process of divorcing Mileva, presumably so that he could marry his cousin Elsa. Ilse, the older of Elsa's two daughters, was serving as Einstein's secretary.The letter was a plea for advice. In it, Ilse related how a simple  “jest'' one afternoon had suddenly escalated into a serious proposal that Einstein marry her instead of her mother. Einstein, she said, had confessed that he loved her. Moreover, her mother, she reported, was prepared to step aside, if that was what would make Ilse happy. ''Albert himself is refusing to take any decision; he is prepared to marry either Mama or me,'' Ilse wrote. ''I know that A. loves me very much, perhaps more than any other man ever will, he also told me so himself yesterday,'' she went on. The feelings, however, were not quite reciprocal. Ilse loved Einstein like a father, she wrote, but she had no desire to be close to him physically. Her instinct, she confessed, was not to marry him. ''It will seem peculiar to you that I, a silly little thing of a 20-year-old, should have to decide on such a serious matter; I can hardly believe it myself and feel very unhappy doing so as well. Help me!'' There is no evidence that the relationship with Ilse was ever consummated. Einstein and Elsa were married the next year and remained husband and wife until her death in 1936. (Ilse later married Rudolf Kayser, a writer and literary critic who subsequently wrote a biography of Einstein. She died of tuberculosis in 1934.)  

Margot Lowenthal Einstein (1899-1986) © New York Times - Obituaries; published: July 12, 1986Margot Einstein, a sculptor who was the stepdaughter of Albert Einstein, the physicist who formulated the theory of relativity, died Tuesday at the home in Princeton, N.J., that she had long shared with her stepfather. She was 86 years old. Miss Einstein was born in Germany, the daughter of Elsa Hoffman who, after the death of her husband, became Einstein's second wife. In 1930 Miss Einstein married Dr. Dmitri Marianoff, an assistant to Dr. Einstein. The marriage ended in divorce seven years later and Miss Einstein resumed her stepfather's name. After following Einstein to the United States in 1934, she studied sculpture at Columbia University and, with her stepfather, became an American citizen in 1940. Her mother died in 1936. Miss Einstein lived in a house on Mercer Street in Princeton with Dr. Einstein and his sister, Maja, who died in 1951, and subsequently with Helen Dukas, his aide and secretary, who died in 1982. Einstein died in 1955.

Albert Einstein's Brain

	Einstein's brain was preserved after his death in 1955, but this fact was not revealed until 1978.
	Albert Einstein's brain has often been a subject of research and speculation. Einstein's brain was removed within seven hours of his death. The brain has attracted attention because of Einstein's reputation for being one of the foremost geniuses of the 20th century, and apparent regularities or irregularities in the brain have been used to support various ideas about correlations in neuroanatomy with general or mathematical intelligence. Scientific studies have suggested that regions involved in speech and language are smaller, while regions involved with numerical and spatial processing are larger. Other studies have suggested an increased number of Glial cells in Einstein's brain. 
	Einstein's brain was removed, weighed and preserved by Thomas Stoltz Harvey, the pathologist who performed the autopsy on Einstein. He claimed he hoped that cytoarchitectonics would reveal useful information.[2] Harvey injected 10% formalin through the internal carotid arteries and afterwards suspended the intact brain in 10% formalin. Harvey photographed the brain from many angles. He then dissected it into about 240 blocks (each about 1 cm3) and encased the segments in a plastic-like material called collodion. Harvey also removed Einstein's eyes, and gave them to Henry Abrams.[2] He was fired from his position at Princeton Hospital shortly thereafter for refusing to relinquish the organs.
	Harvey noticed immediately that Einstein had no parietal operculum in either hemisphere. Photographs of the brain show an enlarged Sylvian fissure; clearly Einstein's brain grew in an interesting way. In 1999, further analysis by a team at McMaster University in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada revealed that his parietal operculum region in the inferior frontal gyrus in the frontal lobe of the brain was vacant. Also absent was part of a bordering region called the lateral sulcus (Sylvian fissure). Researchers at McMaster University speculated that the vacancy may have enabled neurons in this part of his brain to communicate better. "This unusual brain anatomy...(missing part of the Sylvian fissure)... may explain why Einstein thought the way he did," said Professor Sandra Witelson who led the research published in The Lancet. This study was based on photographs of Einstein's brain made in 1955 by Dr. Harvey, and not direct examination of the brain. Einstein himself claimed that he thought visually rather than verbally. Professor Laurie Hall of Cambridge University commenting on the study, said, "To say there is a definite link is one bridge too far, at the moment. So far the case isn't proven. But magnetic resonance and other new technologies are allowing us to start to probe those very questions".
	Scientists are currently interested in the possibility that physical differences in brain structure could determine different abilities. One part of the operculum called Broca's area plays an important role in speech production. To compensate, the inferior parietal lobe was 15 percent wider than normal. The inferior parietal region is responsible for mathematical thought, visuospatial cognition, and imagery of movement.
	Whether Einstein's brain was removed and preserved after his death in 1955 with his permission is a matter of dispute. Ronald Clark's 1979 biography of Einstein said that "he had insisted that his brain should be used for research and that he be cremated", but more recent research has suggested that this may not be true at all, and that the brain was removed and preserved with neither Einstein's prior permission nor the permission of his close relatives (Einstein, Walter Isaacson). Hans Albert Einstein, the physicist’s son, agreed to the removal after the event but insisted that his father’s brain should be used only for research to be published in scientific journals of high standing. 
	In 1978, Einstein's brain was rediscovered in the possession of Dr. Harvey by journalist Steven Levy. The brain sections had been preserved in alcohol in two large mason jars within a cider box for over 20 years.
	In the 1980s, University of California, Berkeley professor Marian C. Diamond persuaded Thomas Harvey to give her samples of Einstein's brain. She compared the ratio of glial cells in Einstein's brain with that in the preserved brains of 11 men. (Glial cells provide support and nutrition in the brain, form myelin, and participate in signal transmission.) Dr. Diamond's laboratory made thin sections of Einstein's brain, each 6 micrometers thick. They then used a microscope to count the cells. Einstein's brain had more glial cells relative to neurons in all areas studied, but only in the left inferior parietal area was the difference statistically significant. This area is part of the association cortex, regions of the brain responsible for incorporating and synthesizing information from multiple other brain regions.
	Diamond admits a limitation in her study is that she had only one Einstein to compare with 11 normal men. S. S. Kantha of the Osaka BioScience Institute in Japan criticized Diamond's study, as did Terence Hines of Pace University. Other issues related to Diamond's study point out glial cells continue dividing as a person ages and although Einstein's brain was 76, it was compared to a group who averaged 64 in age. Additionally, there is little or no information regarding the samples of brains that Einstein's brain was compared against such as IQ score, neurological diseases or other relevant factors. Diamond also admitted that research disproving the study was omitted. 

Einstein's Religious Views

(c) Wikipedia and Walter Isaacson's Einstein

	Albert Einstein's religious views have been studied due to his sometimes apparently ambiguous statements and writings on the subject. He believed the God of Spinoza, but not in a personal God, a belief which he criticized.
	
1. Nature of his belief
	On 24 April 1929, Einstein cabled Rabbi Herbert S. Goldstein in German: "I believe in Spinoza's God, who reveals himself in the harmony of all that exists, not in a God who concerns himself with the fate and the doings of mankind."
	In a 1950 letter to M. Berkowitz, Einstein stated that "My position concerning God is that of an agnostic. I am convinced that a vivid consciousness of the primary importance of moral principles for the betterment and ennoblement of life does not need the idea of a law-giver, especially a law-giver who works on the basis of reward and punishment." Einstein as an "agnostic" has been referred to as an agnostic theist, sometimes called as a form of deism or pantheism. Einstein referred to his belief system as "cosmic religion", and authored an eponymous article on the subject in 1954 which became a book in 1955.  The belief system recognized a "miraculous order which manifests itself in all of nature as well as in the world of ideas", rejected a personal deity who rewards and punishes, rejected a conflict between science and religion, and moreover held that cosmic religion was necessary for science. "God," he says, "is a mystery. But a comprehensible mystery. I have nothing but awe when I observe the laws of nature. There are not laws without a lawgiver, but how does this lawgiver look? Certainly not like a man magnified."

2. Disbelief in a personal god and rejection of atheism
	Einstein also stated: "I have repeatedly said that in my opinion the idea of a personal God is a childlike one. You may call me an agnostic, but I do not share the crusading spirit of the professional atheist whose fervor is mostly due to a painful act of liberation from the fetters of religious indoctrination received in youth. I prefer an attitude of humility corresponding to the weakness of our intellectual understanding of nature and of our own being." According to Hubertus, Prince of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Freudenberg, Einstein said, "In view of such harmony in the cosmos which I, with my limited human mind, am able to recognize, there are yet people who say there is no God. But what really makes me angry is that they quote me for the support of such views."
	Attempts by the press to present Albert Einstein as a conventionally religious man provoked a self-made man from New Jersey, J. Dispentiere, to write to Einstein on 22 March 1954. He declared himself an atheist and expressed doubts as to the accuracy of what he had read about Einstein's beliefs. Einstein answered forthwith on 24 March 1954:
	It was, of course, a lie what you read about my religious convictions, a lie which is being systematically repeated. I do not believe in a personal God and I have never denied this but have expressed it clearly. If something is in me which can be called religious then it is the unbounded admiration for the structure of the world so far as our science can reveal it.
	In his 1949 book The World as I See It, he wrote: "A knowledge of the existence of something we cannot penetrate, of the manifestations of the profoundest reason and the most radiant beauty, which are only accessible to our reason in their most elementary forms—it is this knowledge and this emotion that constitute the truly religious attitude; in this sense, and in this alone, I am a deeply religious man."
	In a letter to Eric Gutkind dated 3 January 1954, Einstein wrote in German:
[...] The word God is for me nothing more than the expression and product of human weaknesses, the Bible a collection of honourable, but still primitive legends which are nevertheless pretty childish. No interpretation no matter how subtle can (for me) change this. These [...] interpretations are highly manifold according to their nature and have almost nothing to do with the original text. For me the Jewish religion like all other religions is an incarnation of the most childish superstitions. And the Jewish people to whom I gladly belong and with whose mentality I have a deep affinity have no different quality for me than all other people. As far as my experience goes, they are also no better than other human groups, although they are protected from the worst cancers by a lack of power. Otherwise I cannot see anything 'chosen' about them. 
	Einstein had previously explored this belief that man could not understand the nature of God in an interview published in 1930 in G. S. Viereck's book Glimpses of the Great explaining:  “I'm absolutely not an atheist. I don't think I can call myself a pantheist. The problem involved is too vast for our limited minds. We are in the position of a little child entering a huge library filled with books in many languages. The child knows someone must have written those books. It does not know how. It does not understand the languages in which they are written. The child dimly suspects a mysterious order in the arrangement of the books but doesn't know what it is. That, it seems to me, is the attitude of even the most intelligent human being toward God. We see the universe marvelously arranged and obeying certain laws but only dimly understand these laws. Our limited minds grasp the mysterious force that moves the constellations. I am fascinated by Spinoza’s pantheism, but admire even more his contribution to modern thought because he is the first philosopher to deal with the soul and body as one, and not two separate things.”
	Nonetheless, Einstein was more inclined to denigrate disbelievers than the faithful. "The fanatical atheists," he said in correspondence, "are like slaves who are still feeling the weight of their chains which they have thrown off after hard struggle. They are creatures who--in their grudge against traditional religion as the 'opium of the masses'-- cannot hear the music of the spheres."  Although he did not believe in a personal God, he indicated that he would never seek to combat such belief because "such a belief seems to me preferable to the lack of any transcendental outlook".

3. Three styles of religious belief
	In a 1930 New York Times article, Einstein distinguished three styles which are usually intermixed in actual religious belief. A poor understanding of causality causes fear, and the fearful invent supernatural beings. The desire for love and support create a social and moral need for a supreme being; both these styles have an anthropomorphic concept of God. The third style, which Einstein deemed most mature, originates in a deep sense of awe and mystery. He said, "The individual feels [...] the sublimity and marvelous order which reveal themselves in nature [...] and he wants to experience the universe as a single significant whole." Einstein saw science as an antagonist of the first two styles of religious belief, but as a partner of the third style. As he wrote later, "[E]ven though the realms of religion and science in themselves are clearly marked off from each other" there are "strong reciprocal relationships and dependencies [...] science without religion is lame, religion without science is blind [...] a legitimate conflict between science and religion cannot exist."

4. Humanism and Ethical Culture
	Einstein was also a Humanist and a supporter of Ethical Culture. He served on the advisory board of the First Humanist Society of New York.  For the seventy-fifth anniversary of the New York Society for Ethical Culture, he noted that the idea of Ethical Culture embodied his personal conception of what is most valuable and enduring in religious idealism. He observed, "Without 'ethical culture' there is no salvation for humanity." He was an honorary associate of the British Humanist organisation, the Rationalist Press Association and its journal was among the items present on his desk at his death.

5. Enlightenment and liberation
	Einstein published a paper in Nature in 1940 entitled "Science and Religion" in which he wrote: [...] a person who is religiously enlightened appears to me to be one who has, to the best of his ability, liberated himself from the fetters of his selfish desires and is preoccupied with thoughts, feelings and aspirations to which he clings because of their super-personal value [...] regardless of whether any attempt is made to unite this content with a Divine Being, for otherwise it would not be possible to count Buddha and Spinoza as religious personalities. Accordingly a religious person is devout in the sense that he has no doubt of the significance of those super-personal objects and goals which neither require nor are capable of rational foundation [...] In this sense religion is the age-old endeavour of mankind to become clearly and completely conscious of these values and goals, and constantly to strengthen their effects." He argued that conflicts between science and religion "have all sprung from fatal errors".
	An understanding of causality was fundamental to religious belief. In Einstein's view, "neither the rule of human nor Divine Will exists as an independent cause of natural events. To be sure, the doctrine of a personal God interfering with natural events could never be refuted [...] by science, for [it] can always take refuge in those domains in which scientific knowledge has not yet been able to set foot.

6. Jews, Christianity, and Jesus
	In an interview published by Time magazine, with George Sylvester Viereck, Einstein spoke of his feelings about Christianity. Viereck was a Nazi sympathizer who was jailed in America during WW II for being a German propagandist. But at the time of the interview Einstein thought Viereck was Jewish.
	Viereck began by asking Einstein if he considered himself a German or a Jew, to which Einstein responded that it was possible to be both. Einstein further elaborated that he considered nationalism to be "the measles of mankind."
	Viereck moved along in the interview to ask Einstein if Jews should try to assimilate, to which Einstein replied that, "We Jews have been too eager to sacrifice our idiosyncrasies in order to conform."
	Einstein was then asked to what extent he was influenced by Christianity, to which Einstein replied as follows, "As a child I received instruction both in the Bible and in the Talmud. I am a Jew, but I am enthralled by the luminous figure of the Nazarene."
	Einstein was then asked if he accepted the "historical existence of Jesus," to which he replied, "Unquestionably! No one can read the Gospels without feeling the actual presence of Jesus. His personality pulsates in every word. No myth is filled with such life."

7. The Catholic Church
	The only Jewish school in Munich had been closed in 1872 for want of students, and in the absence of an alternative Einstein attended Catholic elementary school. He also received Jewish religious education at home, but he did not see a cleave between the two, impressed by the sameness of them, both the Passion of Jesus and the stories of the Jewish Bible. According to a biographer, Walter Isaacson, Einstein immensely enjoyed the Catholic religion courses which he received at the school. The teachers at his school were liberal and generally made no distinction between student's religions, but some harbored an innate but mild anti-Semitism. Einstein later recalled an incident involving a teacher who, ironically, particularly liked him: "One day that teacher brought a long nail to the lesson and told the students that with such nails Christ had been nailed to the Cross by the Jews" and that "Among the children at the elementary school anti-Semitism was prevalent...Physical attacks and insults on the way home from school were frequent, but for the most part not too vicious.” Regarding the incident he noted: "That was at a Catholic school; how much worse the anti-Semitism must be in other Prussian schools, one can only imagine." He would later in life recall that "The religion of the fathers, as I encountered it in Munich during religious instruction and in the synagogue, repelled rather than attracted me."
	In the 1940s Time magazine quoted Einstein lauding "the Church", not "the Catholic Church", for its role in opposing the Nazis, the quote since being repeatedly cited by defenders of Pope Pius XII. He was quoted rather extensively by the newsweekly as saying that "the Church" was the only notable institution that stood against the rise of the Third Reich and its campaign to suppress truth. An investigation of the quote by mathematician William C. Waterhouse and Barbara Wolff of the Einstein Archives in Jerusalem found that the statement was mentioned in an unpublished letter from 1947. In the letter to Count Montgelas, Einstein explained that the original comment was a casual one made to a journalist regarding the support of "a few churchmen" for individual rights and intellectual freedom during the early rule of Hitler and that, according to Einstein, the comment had been drastically exaggerated. In 2008 American television broadcast a program that displayed a letter from Einstein in which he gives his comments about how Time Magazine had quoted him.[27] Regardless of the validity of the quote, Einstein has been quoted as making various statements about "the Church" in general and the Catholic Church in particular:
	Einstein stared at me with his large brown eyes, "The [Roman Catholic] Center Party? When you learn the history of the Catholic Church, you wouldn't trust the Center Party. Hasn't Hitler promised to smash the Bolsheviks in Russia? The Church will bless its Catholic soldiers to march alongside the Nazis" (March 1930)

	"I predict that the Vatican will support Hitler if he comes to power. The Church since Constantine has always favoured the authoritarian State, as long as the State allows the Church to baptize and instruct the masses." (March 1930)

	"So often in history the Jews have been the instigators of justice and reform whether in Spain, Germany or Russia. But no sooner have they done their job than their 'friends', often blessed by the Church, spit in their faces." (August 1943) 

	"There are cosmic laws, Dr. Hermanns. They cannot be bribed by prayers or incense...This power maneuver of the [Roman Catholic] Church, these Concordats through the centuries with worldly powers..the Church has to pay for it." (August 1943)

	"But what makes me shudder is that the Catholic Church is silent. One doesn't need to be a prophet to say, 'The Catholic Church will pay for this silence...I do not say that the unspeakable crimes of the Church for 2,000 years had always the blessing of the Vatican, but it vaccinated its believers with the idea: We have the true God, and the Jews have crucified Him.' The Church sowed hate instead of love, though the ten commandments state: Thou shalt not kill" (August 1943)

	"With a few exceptions, the Roman Catholic Church has stressed the value of dogma and ritual, conveying the idea theirs is the only way to reach heaven. I don't need to go to Church to hear if I'm good or bad; my heart tells me this". (August 1943)

	"I don't like to implant in youth the Church's doctrine of a personal God, because that Church has behaved so inhumanly in the past 2,000 years...Consider the hate the Church manifested against the Jews and then against the Muslims, the Crusades with their crimes, the burning stakes of the inquisition, the tacit consent of Hitler's actions while the Jews and the Poles dug their own graves and were slaughtered. And Hitler is said to have been an altar boy!" (August 1943)

	"Yes" Einstein replied vehemently, "It is indeed human, as proved by Cardinal Pacelli (the future Pope Pius XII), who was behind the Concordat with Hitler. Since when can one make a pact with Christ and Satan at the same time?" (August 1943)

	"The Church has always sold itself to those in power, and agreed to any bargain in return for immunity." (August 1943)

	"If I were allowed to give advice to the Churches," Einstein continued, "I would tell them to begin with a conversion among themselves, and to stop playing power politics. Consider what mass misery they have produced in Spain, South America and Russia." (September 1948)

	In response to a Catholic convert who asked "Didn't you state that the Church was the only opponent of Communism?" Einstein replied "I don't have to emphasise that the Church at last became a strong opponent of National Socialism, as well" (Einstein’s secretary Helen Dukas added "Dr. Einstein didn't mean only the Catholic church, but all churches.")  When the convert mentioned that family members had been gassed by the Nazis Einstein replied that "he also felt guilty --adding that the whole Church, beginning with the Vatican, should feel guilt." (September 1948).

	"Hah! About God, I cannot accept any concept based on the authority of the Church...As long as I can remember. I have resented mass indoctrination. I cannot prove to you there is no personal God, but if I were to speak of him, I would be a liar. I do not believe in the God of theology who rewards good and punishes evil. His universe is not ruled by wishful thinking, but by immutable laws".(1954) William Miller of Life Magazine who was present at this meeting described Einstein as looking like a "living saint" and speaking with "angelic indifference".

	Catholic Cardinal William Henry O'Connell made a "public blast" at Einstein's perceived lack of belief: "The outcome of this doubt and befogged speculation about time and space is a cloak beneath which hides the ghastly apparition of atheism."  A Bronx Rabbi criticized both the Cardinal and the scientist for opining on matters outside their expertise: "Both have handed down dicta outside their jurisdiction." The Catholic priest and broadcaster Fulton Sheen, whose intellect Einstein admired (even calling him "one of the most intelligent people in today's world"), described the 1930 New York Times article on Einstein's idea of a Cosmic Religion as "the sheerest kind of stupidity and nonsense."

Zionism

        Einstein was a prominent supporter of both Labor Zionism and efforts to encourage Jewish-Arab cooperation. He initially supported the creation of a Jewish national homeland in the British mandate of Palestine but was initially opposed to the idea of a Jewish state with borders, an army, and a measure of temporal power.”
	Fred Jerome in his Einstein on Israel and Zionism: His Provocative Ideas About the Middle East argues that Einstein was a Cultural Zionist who supported the idea of a Jewish homeland but opposed the establishment of a Jewish state in Palestine preferring a bi-national state with “continuously functioning, mixed, administrative, economic, and social organizations.” In 1931, The Macmillan Company published About Zionism: Speeches and Lectures by Professor Albert Einstein. Querido, an Amsterdam publishing house, collected eleven of Einstein's essays into a 1933 book entitled Mein Weltbild, translated to English as The World as I See It; Einstein's foreword dedicates the collection "to the Jews of Germany". In the face of Germany's rising militarism, Einstein wrote and spoke for peace.
	Einstein publicly stated reservations about the proposal to partition the British-supervised British Mandate of Palestine into independent Arab and Jewish countries. In a 1938 speech, "Our Debt to Zionism", he said: "I should much rather see reasonable agreement with the Arabs on the basis of living together in peace than the creation of a Jewish state. My awareness of the essential nature of Judaism resists the idea of a Jewish state with borders, an army, and a measure of temporal power, no matter how modest. I am afraid of the inner damage Judaism will sustain—especially from the development of a narrow nationalism within our own ranks, against which we have already had to fight strongly, even without a Jewish state. ... If external necessity should after all compel us to assume this burden, let us bear it with tact and patience."
	In a 1947 letter to Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru intended to persuade India to support the establishment of a Jewish state, Einstein stated that the Balfour Declaration's proposal to establish a national home for Jews in Palestine "redresses the balance" of justice and history.
	The United Nations did divide the mandate, demarcating the borders of several new countries including the State of Israel, and war broke out immediately. Einstein was one of the authors of an open letter to the New York Times in 1948 criticizing Menachem Begin's Herut (Freedom) Party for the Deir Yassin massacre (Einstein et al. 1948).When President Harry Truman recognized Israel in May 1948, Einstein declared it “the fulfillment of our(Jewish) dreams.” Einstein also supported vice president Henry Wallace’s Progressive Party during 1948 Presidential election which also advocate pro-Soviet and pro-Israel foreign policy.
	Einstein served on the Board of Governors of The Hebrew University of Jerusalem. In his Will of 1950, Einstein bequeathed literary rights to his writings to The Hebrew University, where many of his original documents are held in the Albert Einstein Archives.
	When President Chaim Weizmann died in 1952, Einstein was asked to be Israel's second president, but he declined, stating that he had "neither the natural ability nor the experience to deal with human beings." He wrote: "I am deeply moved by the offer from our State of Israel, and at once saddened and ashamed that I cannot accept it."

Albert Einstein

Brief Timeline Overview

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Top Twelve Contributions

Einstein's Wives

Mileva Marić

Elsa Einstein

Einstein’s Children

Biological

Adopted

Albert Einstein's Brain

Einstein's Religious Views

Zionism